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Spray Zones
Spray zones are associated with waterfalls or turbulent, high-gradient streams where cascading water creates spray over canyon walls or streamside rocks. Spray may be a gentle mist or violently driven by the turbulence of falling water or thunderous churning of plunge pools at the base of falls. Spray zones create perennially hydrated areas ideal for wetland plants and animals, and are sometimes called "hanging gardens," or "vertical wetlands." Thick, saturated mats of mosses and liverworts are typical of spray zones, and these create a substrate for a variety of invertebrates and vascular plants adapted to this environment, some of them rare species. Spray zones usually attenuate somewhat during normal summer drought, but minimum base flows are probably needed to maintain spray zone communities. They have not been well studied, but threats are probably low.
Habitat: Vertical to sloped rock walls at bases of waterfalls
Water regime: Perennially to seasonally saturated
Water chemistry: Fresh
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